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CIVIL ENGINEERING ALL COLLECTION

CIVIL ENGINEERING ALL COLLECTION ​ SPREADSHEETS A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper worksheet where becoming increasingly popular in solving engineering related problems. Among the strong features of spreadsheets are their instinctive cell-based structure and easy to use capabilities. Excel, for example, is a powerful spreadsheet with VBA robust programming capabilities that can be a powerful tool for teaching civil engineering concepts. Spreadsheets can do basic calculations such as cost estimates, schedule and cost control, and markup estimation, as well as structural calculations of reactions, stresses, strains, deflections, and slopes. Spreadsheets can solve complex problems, create charts and graphs, and generate useful reports. This paper highlights the use of Excel spreadsheet and VBA in teaching civilengineering concepts and creating useful applications. Civilax provide Excel Spreadsheets for Civil & Structural Engineers for struct...
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Types of Joints in Concrete Constructions

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Types of Joints in Concrete Constructions Types of joints in concrete constructions are: Construction Joints Expansion Joints Contraction Joints Isolation Joints Construction Joints in Concrete Construction joints are placed in a concrete slab to define the extent of the individual placements, generally in conformity with a predetermined joint layout. Construction joints must be designed in order to allow displacements between both sides of the slab but, at the same time, they have to transfer flexural stresses produced in the slab by external loads. Construction joints must allow horizontal displacement right-angled to the joint surface that is normally caused by thermal and shrinkage movement. At the same time they must not allow vertical or rotational displacements. Fig.1 summarizes which displacement must be allowed or not allowed by a construction joint. Fig.2: Types of Construction Joints in Concrete Structures Expansion joints in Concr...
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Stiffness-Factor Modifications

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Stiffness-Factor Modifications Three cases where moment-distribution process can be simplified 1. Member Pin (or Roller) Supported at Far End carry-over factor = 0 if the far end was fixed supported, the stiffness factor K = 4EI/L would have to be modified by 3/4 to model the case of having the far end pin supported 2. Symmetric Beam and Loading for center span: the center span's stiffness factor will be one half that usually determined using K = 4EI/L 3. Symmetric Beam and Antisymmetric Loading for center span: the stiffness factor is one and a half times as large as that determined using K = 4EI/L Procedure for Analysis draw FBDs of spans and joints   determine distribution factors and fixed-end moments   (click)   identify joints  (free ends are not joints) determine stiffness factor K for each span   (click) K = 4EI/L for far-end fixed K = 3EI/L for far-end pinned or roller supported K = 2EI/L for symm...
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