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CIVIL ENGINEERING ALL COLLECTION

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Learning seismic

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hypo center ဆိုတာ ငလ်င္လွုပ္တဲ့ေနရာ သူရဲ႕အေပၚတည္႕တည္႕မွာ epicenter ရွိတယ္ ျဖစ္သြားတဲ့ အက္ကြဲေၾကာင္းကို faults plain လို႕ေခၚတယ္ ။ observation ကေန hypocenter and epicenter ၾကားကို dip angle လို႕ေခၚတယ္ ။ hypo center and epicenter ထိအကြာအေ၀းကို focal depth လို႕ေခၚတယ္ ။ observation ကေန epicenter ကို epicentral distance လို႕ေခၚတယ္ ။ မုိင္ ၄၀ shallow earthquake မုိင္ ၄၀ ကေန ၁၉၀ ထိဆိုရင္  intermediate earthquake မိုင္ 450 ကေနအထက္ဆိုရင္ deep earthquake လို႕ေခၚတယ္ ။ Shallow earthquakes are between 0 and 70 km deep; intermediate earthquakes, 70 - 300 km deep; and deep earthquakes, 300 - 700 km deep. In general, the term "deep-focus earthquakes" is applied to earthquakes deeper than 70 km. All earthquakes deeper than 70 km are localized within great slabs of lithosphere that are sinking into the Earth's mantle. ကမ္ဘာေျမၾကီးေအာက္မွာ ရွိတဲ့ ေက်ာက္ေတြက စြမ္းအင္ေတြကို သိမ္ထားတယ္ ။ တခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္မွာ မသိမ္းနုိင္ေတာ့ပဲ ultimate ကို ေက်ာ္ျပီးေပါက္ကြဲရာက ေျမ...
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Types of Joints in Concrete Constructions

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Types of Joints in Concrete Constructions Types of joints in concrete constructions are: Construction Joints Expansion Joints Contraction Joints Isolation Joints Construction Joints in Concrete Construction joints are placed in a concrete slab to define the extent of the individual placements, generally in conformity with a predetermined joint layout. Construction joints must be designed in order to allow displacements between both sides of the slab but, at the same time, they have to transfer flexural stresses produced in the slab by external loads. Construction joints must allow horizontal displacement right-angled to the joint surface that is normally caused by thermal and shrinkage movement. At the same time they must not allow vertical or rotational displacements. Fig.1 summarizes which displacement must be allowed or not allowed by a construction joint. Fig.2: Types of Construction Joints in Concrete Structures Expansion joints in Concr...
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